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Is DC a part of Virginia or Maryland?

Neither. Washington, D.C. is its own federal district, not part of any state. Its land came from both Maryland and Virginia, but Congress took ownership in 1790. Virginia got its 31 square miles back in 1847. Today, every inch of DC sits on what was originally Maryland soil.

Neither. Washington, D.C. is its own federal district, completely separate from any state. Both Maryland and Virginia donated land to create it in 1790, but Virginia's share - 31 square miles covering what is now Arlington and Alexandria - was returned in 1847. Every square mile of today's DC sits on territory that originally belonged to Maryland.

Both states had a hand in building it

The Residence Act, passed on July 16, 1790, was the law that set everything in motion. Through their cession of territory via the Residence Act of 1790, Congress was able to establish a permanent home for a federal government that was up to that point rather itinerant. The original plan called for a diamond-shaped district straddling the Potomac. The 100-square-mile block called for by Congress was made up of 69 square miles of territory from Maryland and another 31 square miles from Virginia.

Maryland moved first. Maryland formally transferred its ownership to land within the district on December 19, 1791. Virginia was not far behind. Virginia agreed in 1789 to cede to the federal government the land on Virginia's side of the Potomac River. The government moved into the new city in 1800.

One thing the act was unambiguous about: the U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress, and the District is therefore not a part of any state. That status has never changed.

Virginia's piece came back - and stayed back

By the 1840s, residents south of the Potomac were unhappy. In 1846, Alexandria and what is now Arlington County were retroceded to Virginia because residents felt ignored by the federal government and feared the abolition of slavery. Congress approved the retrocession, shrinking the District to its present size.

That left DC entirely on the Maryland side of the river. The 1846 retrocession meant that the area of 31 square miles which was ceded by Virginia was returned, leaving 69 square miles of territory originally ceded by Maryland as the current area of the District in its entirety. Today, D.C. is only 68.34 square miles - the small remainder lost to river surveys and boundary adjustments over time.

The Virginia land that went back became two separate jurisdictions: Arlington County and the independent city of Alexandria. Both are now full Virginia localities with their own elected governments, courts, and state representation. DC has none of that.

What DC's odd status actually means for residents

Washington, D.C., remains a territory, not a state, and since 1974 it has been governed by a locally elected mayor and city council over which Congress retains the power of veto. That congressional veto is real: federal lawmakers can block or rewrite any law passed by the DC Council.

The District of Columbia is not a state, and its population of 700,000 people do not have full voting rights and have no representation in the U.S. Senate. The District's population of 700,000 is more than that of Wyoming and Vermont, and DC residents pay more in federal taxes than their counterparts in 22 states, yet they do not have congressional representation.

Residents do vote for president - that right came via the 23rd Amendment, ratified in 1961, which gave the District three Electoral College votes. But a Senate seat? Still zero.

The borders on the ground today

The District is bordered by the states of Maryland to the north, east, and west, and Virginia to the south, across the Potomac River. If you drive north out of DC on Georgia Avenue, you cross into Montgomery County, Maryland. Head east on East Capitol Street past the Anacostia River and you enter Prince George's County, Maryland. Cross the 14th Street Bridge heading south and you land in Arlington, Virginia - not DC.

The statehood debate keeps the question alive. A House bill would turn most of present-day Washington, DC, into a new state called Washington, Douglass Commonwealth. The statehood bill passed the House for the first time in history in June of 2020 and passed again in April of 2021. The Senate has yet to vote on it. Until that changes, DC remains what it has been since 1800: a federal district that belongs to no state, built on land Maryland gave up more than 230 years ago.

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